Technology
Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) typically refers to technologies capable of sustained discharge beyond 8-10 hours up to multi-day durations. Examples include flow batteries, iron-air/metal-air, thermal storage, hydrogen (power-to-gas-to-power), and compressed air; use cases include firming renewables, capacity adequacy, and transmission deferral. LDES supports 24/7 CFE and deep decarbonization by shifting energy across days/seasons.